Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Patient Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
- FIGURE 2.
Multinomial Logistic Regression Estimating the Odds of Contraception Use
Note. No contraception, ORs show the odds of using LARC/Non-LARC for difference insurances and race/ethnicity groups compared to the non-Hispanic White women with commercial insurance. Models were adjusted for age and area-level socioeconomic proxy including median household income, percentage of patients with poverty, percentage of patients with bachelor’s degree, and unemployment rate.
Tables
Code Description LARC ICD-9-CM V25.11 Encounter for insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device V25.12 Encounter for removal of intrauterine contraceptive device V25.13 Encounter for removal and reinsertion of intrauterine contraceptive device V25.42 Surveillance of intrauterine contraceptive device V25.43 Surveillance of implantable subdermal contraceptive V25.5x Insertion of implantable subdermal contraceptive ICD-10-CM Z30.014 Encounter for initial prescription of intrauterine contraceptive device Z30.430 Encounter for insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device Z30.431 Encounter for routine checking of intrauterine contraceptive device Z30.432 Encounter for removal of intrauterine contraceptive device Z30.433 Encounter for removal and reinsertion of intrauterine contraceptive device Z97.5xx Presence of (intrauterine) contraceptive device CPT 11981 Insertion, non-biodegradable drug delivery implant 11982 Removal, non-biodegradable drug delivery implant 11983 Removal with reinsertion, non-biodegradable drug delivery implant 58300 Insertion of IUD 58301 Removal of IUD HCPCS J7297 Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive system (Liletta®), 52 mg (4 year duration) J7298 Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive system (Mirena®), 52 mg (5 year duration) J7300 Intrauterine copper contraceptive (Paragard®) (10 year duration) J7301 Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive system (Skyla®), 13.5 mg (3 year duration) J7302 Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive system, 52 mg J7307 Etonogestrel (contraceptive) implant system, including implant and supplies Non-LARC ICD-9-CM V25.01 General counseling on prescription of oral contraceptives V25.02 General counseling on initiation of other contraceptive measures V25.03 Encounter for emergency contraceptive counseling and prescription V25.04 Counseling and instruction in natural family planning to avoid pregnancy V25.09 Other general counseling and advice on contraceptive management V25.3x Menstrual extraction V25.40 Contraceptive surveillance, unspecified V25.41 Surveillance of contraceptive pill V25.49 Surveillance of other contraceptive method ICD-10-CM Z30.011 Encounter for initial prescription of contraceptive pills Z30.012 Encounter for prescription of emergency contraception Z30.013 Encounter for initial prescription of injectable contraceptive Z30.015 Encounter for initial prescription of vaginal ring hormonal contraceptive Z30.016 Encounter for initial prescription of transdermal patch hormonal contraceptive device Z30.017 Encounter for initial prescription of implantable subdermal contraceptive Z30.018 Encounter for initial prescription of other contraceptives Z30.019 Encounter for initial prescription of other contraceptives, unspecified Z30.02x Counseling and instruction in natural family planning to avoid pregnancy Z30.09x Encounter for other general counseling and advice on contraception Z30.40x Encounter for surveillance of contraceptives, unspecified Z30.41x Encounter for surveillance of contraceptive pills Z30.42x Encounter for surveillance of injectable contraceptive Z30.44x Encounter for surveillance of vaginal ring hormonal contraceptive device Z30.45x Encounter for surveillance of transdermal patch hormonal contraceptive device Z30.46x Encounter for surveillance of implantable subdermal contraceptive Z30.49x Encounter for surveillance of other contraceptives Z30.8xx Encounter for other contraceptive management Z30.9xx Encounter for contraceptive management, unspecified Note. LARC, Long-acting reversible contraceptives; ICD-CM, International Statistical Classification Diseases, Clinical Modification; CPT, Current Procedural Terminology; HCPCS, Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System; IUD, Intrauterine Device.
Total (N = 51,900) LARC (n = 4,364) Non-LARC (n = 8,333) No contraception (n = 39,203) P-value Insurance, n (%) < .001 Managed Care/Commercial 33,716 (65.0) 2,557 (58.6) 4,665 (56.0) 26,494 (67.6) Medicaid/pending 8,040 (15.5) 958 (22.0) 1,871 (22.5) 5,211 (13.3) Self-pay and othera 10,144 (19.6) 849 (19.4) 1,797 (21.6) 7,498 (19.1) Age, mean (SD) 23.6 (3.5) 23.4 (3.3) 22.8 (3.5) 23.8 (3.5) < .001 Race/Ethnicity, n (%) < .001 Non-Hispanic White 23,752 (45.8) 1,797 (41.2) 3,183 (38.2) 18,772 (47.9) Non-Hispanic Black 16,693 (32.2) 1,536 (35.2) 3,290 (39.5) 11,867 (30.3) Hispanic 5,773 (11.1) 715 (16.4) 1,252 (15.0) 3,806 (9.7) Other 5,682 (10.9) 316 (7.2) 608 (7.3) 4,758 (12.1) Marital status, n (%) < .001 Married 7,309 (14.1) 718 (16.5) 891 (10.7) 5,700 (14.5) Single 41,730 (80.4) 3,464 (79.4) 7,146 (85.8) 31,120 (79.4) Area-level socioeconomic status Median household income in thousands, mean (SD) 60.6 (29.2) 55.7 (27.2) 55.6 (28.2) 62.2 (29.5) < .001 Percentage of patients with poverty, mean (SD) 17.3 (13.1) 19.3 (13.6) 19.7 (13.8) 16.5 (12.8) < .001 Percentage of patients with bachelor’s degree, mean (SD) 41.7 (21.7) 37.9 (21.4) 37.4 (21.9) 43.1 (21.5) < .001 Unemployment rate, mean (SD) 6.7 (3.7) 7.3 (3.9) 7.3 (3.9) 6.5 (3.6) < .001 ↵aSelf-pay and other insurance include self-pay, charity, indigent, and missing insurance status. Among the total population, about 16.7% had self-pay and 2.7% had other insurance.
LARC OR 95%CI P Non-LARC OR 95%CI P Insurance Commercial 1.00 -- -- -- 1.00 -- -- -- Medicaid 1.32 1.25 1.40 < .001 1.18 1.13 1.23 < .001 Self-pay and other 0.84 0.79 0.89 < .001 1.02 0.98 1.06 .319 Race/Ethnicity Non-Hispanic White 1.00 -- -- -- 1.00 -- -- -- Non-Hispanic Black 1.03 0.97 1.09 .332 1.12 1.08 1.17 < .001 Hispanic 1.58 1.47 1.71 < .001 1.39 1.32 1.48 < .001 Other 0.61 0.56 0.67 < .001 0.68 0.63 0.72 < .001 Age 0.97 0.96 0.98 < .001 0.94 0.93 0.94 < .001 Marital status 1.43 1.30 1.57 < .001 1.02 0.94 1.10 .608 Area-level socioeconomic status Median household income in thousands 1.00 0.99 1.00 .002 1.00 1.00 1.00 .129 Percentage of patients with poverty 1.00 1.00 1.01 .366 1.01 1.00 1.01 < .001 Percentage of patients with bachelor’s degree 1.00 1.00 1.00 .618 1.00 0.99 1.00 .005 Unemployment rate 1.02 1.00 1.03 .012 1.00 0.99 1.01 .758 Note. No contraception, ORs show the odds of using LRAC/Non-LARC for difference insurances. Other controlled variables: age, race/ethnicity, and area-level proxy including median household income, percentage of patients with poverty, percentage of patients with bachelor’s degree, and unemployment rate.
LARC OR 95%CI P-value Non-LARC OR 95%CI P-value Insurance/Race Commercial/non-Hispanic White -- -- -- -- -- -- Commercial/non-Hispanic Black 0.97 (0.93-1.02) .575 1.00 (0.96-1.03) .887 Commercial/Hispanic 1.19 (1.10-1.29) .030 0.93 (0.87-0.99) .279 Commercial/Other race 0.43 (0.40-0.46) < .001 0.58 (0.55-0.61) < .001 Medicaid/non-Hispanic White 1.05 (0.95-1.17) .636 1.02 (0.94-1.10) 0.835 Medicaid/non-Hispanic Black 1.25 (1.19-1.32) < .001 1.57 (1.52-1.63) < .001 Medicaid/Hispanic 2.23 (2.07-2.41) < .001 1.26 (1.17-1.36) .001 Medicaid/Other race 1.78 (1.61-1.97) < .001 1.13 (1.02-1.25) .215 Self-pay and Other insurance/non-Hispanic White 0.70 (0.65-0.76) < .001 0.71 (0.66-0.75) < .001 Self-pay and Other insurance/non-Hispanic Black 0.94 (0.89-1.00) .346 1.02 (0.98-1.07) .646 Self-pay and Other insurance/Hispanic 1.38 (1.30-1.47) < .001 1.80 (1.72-1.88) < .001 Self-pay and Other insurance/Other race 0.45 (0.38-0.52) < .001 0.70 (0.63-0.77) < .001 Age 0.97 (0.96-0.97) < 0.001 0.93 (0.93-0.94) < .001 Married 1.44 (1.38-1.51) < 0.001 0.99 (0.95-1.03) .834 Area-level socioeconomic status Median household income in thousands 1.00 (0.99-1.00) 0.001 1.00 (1.00-1.00) .023 Percentage of patients with poverty 1.00 (1.00-1.00) 0.392 1.01 (1.00-1.01) < .001 Percentage of patients with bachelor’s degree 1.00 (1.00-1.00) 0.906 1.00 (1.00-1.00) .053 Unemployment rate 1.02 (1.01-1.02) 0.009 1.00 (0.99-1.00) .908 Note. No contraception, ORs show the odds of using LRAC/Non-LARC for difference insurances and race/ethnicity groups compared to the non-Hispanic White women with commercial insurance. Other controlled variables: age and area-level proxy including median household income, percentage of patients with poverty, percentage of patients with bachelor’s degree, and unemployment rate.
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Variations in Receipt of Contraceptives by Insurance Status and Race/Ethnicity
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